Indira Gandhi declared emergency through the President, Mr.
Fakruddin Ali Ahmed on 25th June 1975 which ran for almost two years
till May 1977. Many of us know that this Emergency costed Indira Gandhi
her next elections. But, how did it happen? How was RSS a catalyst in
the big movement that threw Indira Gandhi out?
In this blog, a few details on what led to Emergency and what was RSS’ role in it, are captured.
What led to Emergency?
During 1970 mid-terms polls were called for and Indira Gandhi won the
elections with thumping victory. Over the several years after that, the
power vested in the hands of Indira Gandhi gave her over-confidence
which built arrogance in her about people’s trust in her. She slowly
started ruling the nation autocratically.
In March 1973, in his last bouddhik – “vijay hi vijay”, P.P Sri
Guruji had clearly predicted that Dictatorial leadership is imminent on
the nation.
During 1971 and 1972, first in Gujarat and then in Bihar, students
led movements against corruption. This movement later attracted support
from all political parties. Jai Prakash Narayan led this movement
across. This built a massive public opinion against corruption, and as a
result in 1973, Congress lost elections in Gujarat.
Meanwhile, Raj Narain went to Allahabad High Court alleging that
Indira Gandhi won the election unconstitutionally and hence her election
should be annulled. The court gave a verdict in favor of Raj Narain.
This verdict gave energy to the opposition in demanding resignation
of Indira Gandhi as the Prime Minister. All political parties led
several agitations demanding Indira Gandhi’s ouster.
Feeling Insecure and being arrogant, Indira Gandhi recommended to the
then President, Mr. Fakruddin Ali Ahmed, to declare emergency. Thus
came emergency on June 25th 1975, even though there was no external
threat to the country from any neighbors from invasion, nor any internal
disturbances to the constitutional government.
What is Emergency?
Constitution provides powers to declare Emergency during the times
when there are either external security threats or internal disturbances
leading to lawless situations.
1. MISA (Maintenance of Internal SecurityAct) was used by the
Government in arresting all major opposition Leaders, in the name of
pre-empting any potential commotions. It also banned organizations like
RSS, Jammat e-Islam, the naxaliste based CPI(ML). Even though RSS did
not pose any threat to the Government, it banned RSS the second time
(the first time being after Gandhi-ji’s assassination in 1948.)
2. Government also enforced censorship on newspaper content. So, any
publication in news papers would be censored by the Government. If any
publication manages to publish any content which is not liked by the
Government, it would ban the organization.
What did Sangh do?
1. Sangha took a resolve to focus on restoring democracy than working towards lifting the ban on RSS.
2. Since newspapers were censored and public were not aware of the
ruthless emergency affairs, Sangha planned to distribute the same news
across the country through alternate media of informal printing and
distribution of pamphlets.
3. Alternate Media:
Within the first one month, Sangha identified a network of anonymous
people who would form the infrastructure of passing information/news of
any undemocratic events in any part of India. News would go from
villages to Delhi and from Delhi back to various villages. For example,
Sri dwArakAchAry would send news to Delhi. Since printing is traceable
and the printing house could be confiscated by the Government, Sangha
took to cyclostyling of the content.
Swayamsevaks would take the cyclostyled documents and distribute them
anonymously to houses, public reading rooms etc. Based on the response
of reception by individuals and houses, Swayamsevaks would
continue/repeat distribution there.
This continued for about 8 to 10 months. This built confidence in the
society to slowly come out in public and join the movement.
4. Satyagraha:
Sangha planned for satyAgraha from 14th November 1975 to sankrAnti of 1976 with only four demands:
- Remove Emergency and restore democracy
- Lift Censorship on Media house publications
- Release arrested leaders and lastly
- Lift ban on RSS
In the beginning, except RSS and Akali dal in Punjab, not many used
to participate in the Satyagraha. Several Swayamsevaks would come out
and participate in satyagraha to build confidence in the society to
fight emergency and also to bring awareness of what is going on in the
country. For example, ringing all the bells in the temple and
continuously ringing bicycle bells while riding them, for no reason, but
to attract attention of the people.
Government used another law called ‘Defense of Indian Rules (DIR)’
and arrested several Swayamsevaks. For example, Sri. umAmaheSwara Rao
from Visakhapatnam was arrested as part of this DIR. One magistrate
however ruled out this arrest and freed the arrested. Other magistrates
also attempted in taking this as precedence and denying arrest of
Swayamsevaks.
5. As part of this Satyagraha, several locally popular leaders were
encouraged and invited to speak in public places, to eradicate fear in
the minds of people so that the society can come out and join the
movement.
Sri Chilukuru Subrahmanya Sastry also came in public in defiance,
only to get arrested. He utilized this opportunity in daily bringing
together all the Swayamsevaks in the jail and give them bouddhiks to
boost their confidence and keep up their self confidence, since they
don’t know how long would they be in the jails. Excepting sharIrik
activities, it used to be like a sangha SikshA varga.
Literature was exchanged between sangha and communist parties as well.
Senior adhikaris and karyakartas in jails did their best in keeping lively atmosphere in jails, by singing songs, bhajans etc.
Any anti-public atrocities conducted by police were immediately documented and shared with the public through the pamphlets.
6. Swayamsevaks outside would go collecting nominal funds, in
the amounts of five rupees atleast, from common people like Govt
employees, to be able to support the families of those who were
arrested. Swayamsevaks, outside the jail, raised funds and do activities
that would:
- help run the movement
- boost the morale of those arrested
- raise funds to support the families of those arrested
- exchange communication between the arrested and their families.
One of the kAryakartAs from Godavarikhani of Karimnagar district was
arrested when he was distributing these pamphlets. He was tortured by
the police in trying to find out the source and authors of the
pamphlets. He didn’t give even one name. In all, they have lit 200
candles on his back making him lie down. He still kept the secret. Once,
when he went to the bathroom, secretly some photographs of his back
were taken and published again in the pamphlets.
7. Kerala DIG once told Indira Gandhi on Dec 31st 1975 that it was
tough to arrest RSS workers as the RSS offices were deserted and
Swayamsevak homes were RSS offices and that it is tough to go after so
many families.
8. Dr. Subrahmanian Swamy formed Friends of India Society (FOIS) and
toured countries like UK, USA and lectured to Indian public and others
about the horrible state of affairs of the Indian Government and the
society to build the public opinion against Indira Gandhi
to pressurize her to lift Emergency.
9. Meanwhile, Sanjay Gandhi went on a massive movement of conducting
vasectomy operations in the name of family planning on a large scale.
This drew obvious displeasure and antipathy in the pubic towards Sanjay
Gandhi, Indira Gandhi and Congress in general.
10. P.P Balasaheb-ji expressed that because of emergency, sangh work
expanded beyond imagination. For example, sangh work was prevalent in
about 350 villages before emergency, while after emergency, we have
reach from 6 to 8 thousand villages to almost 10 thousand villages in
Andhra Pradesh state itself.
How did it restore?
Intelligence reports to Indira Gandhi stated that it might be a good
time to go for general elections as all the leaders were in jails.
Indira Gandhi called for elections in May 1977. Only few leaders were
released and several were still in the jail. Several leaders have filed
their nominations while in Jail as well.
The Government tried to entice RSS adhikaris that it would lift ban
on RSS if they stop supporting Janata Party. RSS had it clear in their
minds that they are fighting for restoring democracy in the nation than
for their personal, organizational benefit. In 1948, it fought for
lifting the ban imposed on it wrongly alleging it for Gandhiji’s
assassination. But it didn’t gain much public support. But during
emergency, it fought only for the nation and public, hence it garnered
support from all parties and corners of the society.
There was a mass sentiment in the public against Congress during the
emergency period. All the political parties realized that they should
come together as one and fight elections. As expected communist parties
didn’t join, but Jana Sangh, socialist party and others have come
together and formed Janata Party. Youth on their own have come on the
roads and would right graffiti against corruption, Congress and Indira
Gandhi. Janata Party won elections under the leadership of Morarjee
Desai, even though they won only one seat (Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy) in
Andhra Pradesh.
After losing elections, Indira Gandhi herself lifted Emergency and ban on RSS.
There are some accusations on P.P Balasaheb-ji that he offered in
writing to the Government about surrendering. There was no such
communication. The letters written in formal, courteous and respectful
to the Prime Minister was misconstrued by the communists and the media
as soft sided with the Government, which is absolutely wrong.
To summarize, following were the contributions by RSS during emergency :
- Several Swayamsevaks sacrificed their careers and life and went to
jails (over lakhs of Swayamsevaks went to jail as part of the satyAgraha
movement)
- Provided alternate media to the society in sharing the news of importance
- Provided moral support to those who were arrested by keeping
constant exchange of communication between those arrested and their
families
- Raised funds to support the families of those arrested
- Restored confidence in the society to come into foray in defiance,
through speeches of several people and the distribution of pamphlets
- Brought together several political parties and groups to fight the corruption and the government.
On June 25, 2012 it was 37 years since the Emergency was
imposed. History is to be studied to learn lessons from it to not repeat
such mistakes and to keep up the great contributions of the past and go
to param vaibhavam state.
http://uttishthataam.wordpress.com/2012/06/22/emergency-time-and-sangha-contribution-in-restoring-democracy/